German U-boats
Submarines retaliate against US shift in trade favoring Allies. He wanted to break British naval blockade, so shot
any ship in Britain's Isles, neutral or not. Wilson says Germans are held under "strict accountability."
Terrific Terms
German U-boats
Submarines retaliate against US shift in trade favoring Allies. He wanted to break British naval blockade, so shot
any ship in Britain's Isles, neutral or not. Wilson says Germans are held under "strict accountability."
Lusitania
May 15. line from Great Britain sunk by Germans. boat unarmed but carrying war supplies and 128 Americans, dead after the incident. Germans warn Americans
through the newspaper, but Wilson will not prohibit Americans to stay off ships of belligerent countries.
Arabic pledge
1915. promise by Germans not to attack ships without warning. demanded by Wilson after U-boat sinks British ship Arabic.
Zimmerman telegram
March 1917. German foreign secretary sends letter to German minister in Mexico. New Mexico, Texas, Arizona would be Mexico's if they fought against the US.
many Americans demand war against Germans but Wilson hesitates.
Russian Revolution
When Czar Nicholas II overthrown in March 1917, US supports Kerensky and American minds are erased when getting involved in WWI. Nov. - Lenin leads
second revolution and disturbs Wilson's idealistic vision for world democracy.
Propaganda
Some sent over by Britain to "beat back the huns." shows war as a crusade vs. evil. promotes buying war bonds and patriotism.
Fourteen Points
Freedom of the seas, equality in trade, self-determination for all peoples, prevent further war. Wilson abandoned most of his points when negotiating on a treaty to
ensure the creation of the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
Germany gives territory to France, Denmark, Belgium, creates Poland, lost all colonies and disarmed. took sole responsibility for war and paid massive reparations.
most controversial to US is section Article 10, isolationists oppose, "irreconcilables" (La Follette, William Borah, Hiram
Johnson). Lodge leads moderate senators in effort to "Republicanize" the treaty and add reservations. Wilson refuses to compromise. Campaign for League ends
when Wilson suffers a stroke. League of Nations - 14th of Wilson's 14 points. Article 10 in Treaty of Versailles. structure: council made of 5 great powers, elected
delegates from smaller countries, and a World Court to settle international disputes.
Washington Naval Conference
Nov. 1921. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes leads discussion of arms race. Five power agreement - ratio agreed upon for sinking battleships, US and
Great Britain at 5: Japan at 3: France and Italy at 1.67. Japan reluctant until US agrees not to fortify Pacific Islands. Nine Power agreement pledged respect for an
independent China. Criticized later, in 40'. but first time many nations agree to disarm. Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924 - quota system set up. discriminatory
towards Southern, Eastern Europeans. '21- number of people equivalent to 3% of US population could enter. '24-lowered to 2%.
Triple entente
Allies: Russia, France, Britain, Japan, Italy, Serbia, US
Triple alliance
Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, Turkey
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Copyright 1997 John Jeong